01. Introduction
The China shock, the rise of nationalism, the climate crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine all have a common denominator for the international trading system: these systemic shocks have all led to a major rethinking of trade policies and their relation to other policy spheres.
To begin with, the meteoric ascent of China as the world’s first manufacturing producer and exporter has been a tectonic shift in world politics and economics, with dramatic socio-economic effects that have been – and continue to be – felt across industrialized countries (Autor et al. 2013; Autor 2023; Autor 2024). This has had three notable consequences for trade linkages. First, the China shock(s) have redefined the links between domestic and international politics by discrediting trade liberalization and free market policies, leading to a resurgence of economic interventionism in multiple forms, not least with new industrial policies (Bulfone, 2023; Criscuolo et …
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